The Johnstown Flood

Human societies have often anticipated major disasters. There have been prophets and omens, engineering stress studies, and just a gut feeling that things are about to go wrong. People have often had the propensity to fear the worst but hope for the best. Many pray to the almighty to protect them from danger. Others put their trust in professionals, experts, or elected officials. In the back of their minds, many think it could never happen to them. In the case of the 1889 Conemaugh dam burst and Johnstown Flood, the potential for disaster was a common unspoken fear for many years before the disaster, and the disaster itself was a dreadful manifestation of those nightmares. To tell the full story of the Johnstown flood--with not a single detail excluded--there is no better historian than David McCullough. McCullough brings all the drama of May 31, 1889 to life, focusing on a wide range of characters from the blue collar residents to the wealthy Pittsburgh steel barons to the railroad operators, reporters, and rescuers that stormed in afterwards. From these accounts comes a story of post-flood mania just as dramatic as the flood itself--perhaps the first media blitz in this history of the nation covering a scandal akin to the OJ Simpson trial. The wealth of information in the book may leave the novice history reader overwhelmed, but the patient are rewarded with a story of a flood disaster that has yet to be matched in American history. The pre-flood exposition sufficiently leads up to the disaster in about 60 pages before the narrative reaches the night before the flood. The point of view jumps quickly between different characters and scenes, from the people of Johnstown to the railroad to the building of the dam and consequential founding of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Many of the common themes of the late 19th Century are woven into the story and shown to have contributed to the disaster. The rapid change from canals to railroads forced the state of Pennsylvania to abandon its massive canal project and sell the dam, thus taking it away from the inspection of professional engineers. The growing divide between Gilded Age millionaires and their manufacturing employees existed--this was mostly a quiet resentment, but McCullough astutely notes the subtle signs of trouble. The almost annual spring floods brought paranoia to some in Johnstown, although with unqualified officials sent to inspect the dam. The reader will be most astonished to learn that the dam broke previously, in 1862, as part of a decades-long period of neglect and mismanagement. The actual description of the flood and the immediate aftermath consumes the majority of the book. McCullough uses an event-based point of view. The storyline is generally chronological, but because of the wealth of information and accounts, most accounts are examined in their entirety at once, including post-storm interviews and author commentary. Only the most detailed and significant stories are revisited at later times. Some readers may find that this method sacrifices some of the drama and human connection to the story, as the book does at times read a little like an official report. At the same time, the wealth of context and analysis is what makes The Johnstown Flood such a remarkable disaster book. There were numerous highlights from the flood itself, but the picture of the wall of water itself was most marvelously described. It is easy for accounts of the water to be distorted, as most eyewitnesses would have seen the water in a moment of sheer terror, while reporters would have been apt to exaggerate the size/magnitude of the flood. McCullough puts the whole event in perspective, detailing each turn the water took on its journey to Johnstown, the height and speed of the wall at varying times, and the black "death mist" that hovered in front of it. (McCullough, 146) The amount of debris behind the water was most amazing, as it clogged the path at times and brought the flood to a momentary standstill, before rushing forward with newfound momentum. A second highlight was the quick organization of the townspeople after the disaster. With the railroad washed out, people recognized that help would be slow to arrive, so they held town meetings, elected leaders, and started the recovery and cleanup immediately. The lack of looting, epidemics, or general lawlessness after the disaster is a credit to their leadership skills. Help did eventually arrive, along with newspaper reporters who literally walked on foot through the night to be the first on scene. The cleanup became a pivotal moment for Clara Barton's Red Cross, which gained legitimacy and later showed up in Galveston in 1900. The most remarkable aspect of this work is McCullough's ability to sort through a wealth of primary sources and tell a comprehensive story that leaves little to doubt. His long and detailed description of the media circus that followed the flood is as fascinating and compelling as the flood itself. The media was guilty of greatly exaggerating statistics such as the death toll, stereotyping Hungrarians as thieves and rapists, and faking at least one photo. "The phrase `no pen can describe . . . ` kept cropping up again and again, but the pens kept right on describing." (McCullough, 219). There were articles of all types--tragic stories on the line between fact and fiction, pure Victorian sentimentality toward the dead, and scathing damnations of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Many important themes of late 19th Century culture converge in these newspaper articles. Although the Progressive Movement had yet to arrive, its roots were already seeded at the time of the flood in 1889. Some readers may decide that McCullough strays too far away in Johnstown in the aftermath section. The media storm appears to be unprecedented both in scope and in negligence of facts. However, firsthand accounts of the flood were bound to be distorted and exaggerated as well. To its credit, the book is unequivocal about what actually happened and why, without descending too far into academic prose. The newspaper accounts do go on for too long compared to the rather abrupt ending with relatively few details on the legal proceedings or long-term rebuilding of the valley. McCullough is famous for his ability to immerse the reader in the tragedy, and the glut of second-hand newspaper accounts pulls away from the tragedy and into an outsider's perspective coming from the media. McCullough does not speculate on the meteorological causes of the disaster, except that rainfall was above normal throughout the spring, peaking heavily in the overnight hours before the disaster. As a meteorologist, I can confidently hypothesize that the disaster was almost certainly the work of a stationary front, with at least one mesoscale convective complex (MCC) forming in the Great Plains and tracking eastward along the front. An MCC is defined as a long-lived group of thunderstorms that propagates eastward as an organized system. MCCs are strongest in the overnight hours, fed by a nocturnal low-level jet which advects moisture northward from the Gulf of Mexico. The heavy rains the night before the dam break were from an MCC, with the front focusing additional precipitation in the region. The front likely lingered for several days after the flood, resulting in the continued cloudy conditions noted by McCullough. A similar setup caused severe flooding in Johnstown in 1977, which has been documented by several academic papers (e.g. Kirk, 2003). Most important to the theme of The Johnstown Flood is that the meteorological conditions were unusual but not especially anomalous. The book notes that the rivers topped their banks virtually every year and poured into the streets of Johnstown. The difference in 1889 was that civilization had detrimentally altered the natural ecology of the Conemaugh Valley. Deforestation of the valley hills and the narrowing of river channels helped to increase the severity of any heavy rainfall. McCullough mentions these issues early in the book and then revisits them with a harsh criticism of Johnstown leaders at the end. The citizens frequently witnessed spring floods, yet did nothing to prevent or even mitigate them. They were nervous about the dam but they trusted that the wealthy leadership had their best interests in mind. The flood was not an "act of God" like a mighty tempest. There was abnormally high rainfall, but without man's attempts to control nature, there would have been no disaster. This was a failure of human technology and human trust--an inability by all parties to understand that while technology had greatly advanced by the Gilded Age, it had not advanced to the point where it was immune to the workings of nature. This was McCullough's first book and it set the stage for a tremendous career. Its style is strikingly familiar to his later works--his prose flows almost flawlessly and leaves the reader longing for more at the end. Despite being a disaster book, the focus is generally on the positive side of humanity: the town's quick post-storm organization, the outpouring of charity from across the world, and the heroic acts and survival stories of individuals. I would have liked to see more on the legal aftermath and a few less tangents earlier in the book--there is a need to create cultural context but McCullough is unnecessarily showing off his research by adding lists of obscure names that only appear once or twice. However, the exhaustive detail does pay off, making this book an absolute must for anyone interested in natural disasters. [...]

I had heard about this incident while doing some research in high school about the history of the Pennsylvania Railroad. I never fully understood it until I read David McCullough's book on it that the whole horror that swept out on that Memorial weekend. The story always told in most of the history books I had read was of evil rail and steel barons would could have cared less about the safety of folks built a dam and then in a terrible storm it broke and destroyed everything downstream for miles and killing many. This book, the first of McCullough's history books about major events in USA history, completely threw that theory out on the ear. From the state that built the damn to support a canal project and then failed to maintain it, to the initial damage that happened to the damn in a storm during the Civil War and finally on over to the Pittsburgh barons who wanted a summer house away from Lake Erie and only a short train ride from Pittsburgh and their changes to the dam and failure to hire the right engineers to understand how to maintain the damn, let alone upgrade it to support the changes that came along. This wasn't the only cause, McCullough also show that the area around Johnstown was a boom-town and they stripped the region of trees, built into rivers and closed off other streams while build in mines for coal and other metals for the steel industry was harvested. The big storm hits and then there is the dithering by the land owners of the resort that was built up by the dam, the dam breaking and the disbelief that it broke and then the untold gallons of water that goes washing down the valley. The most interesting part of the story was the recovery and that this the first major disaster prior to the '06 San Fransisco quake. From the first major disaster relief by the American Red Cross and Clara Barton outside of a war, on over to the number of folks who just showed up to work and help in clearance of debris or recovery of the bodies. The chapter dedicated to the yellow journalism is most interesting considering that these journalists, their editors back home in places like NYC or Pittsburgh wrote hate filled diatribes about them stinking "foreigners" who might be robbing, raping, pillaging and otherwise evil. The epilogue is also interesting bit of the book since the usual drama bit for superheroes of a dam burst is based on the stories from Johnstown. Then there is some lessons learned in the recovery of Johnstown that was later employed by the Red Cross and others in San Francisco. This is worthy while to learn about one of the first major natural disasters in the US and David McCullough's style makes it very readable.

Historical « re -enactement » of a remarkable local event in the United States of America in the 19th Century. Reads like a novel, but is underpinned by thorough and original research.

かなり評価が高そうなので、読んでみました。一種のパニックレポート的な 雰囲気があり、スリルもありますが、さてそこから何が導き出せて、今後の 対策で真剣に取り組んでいくにはどうすればいいのかを考える場合、今ひとつ参考になりそうな感じはしませんでした。アメリカでのハリケーンなどの被害に関連づけたかったのですが。私的には普通のレベルでした。でも、これは英語力の不足だからかも。

I've always enjoyed David McCullough's books. I just received this one (arrived on time and in perfect condition) and am looking forward to reading it.

This aspect of culpability, in fact, a lack of culpability, is quite striking throughout David McCullough's well-written and researched narrative. The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, founded in 1879 by Benjamin Ruff, was a private, elitist and highly secretive summer resort for Pittsburgh's leading industrialists and financier's such as Henry Clay Frick, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon and the like, together with other less well-known personages, albeit still wealthy and influential, with a limited number of other members who were well connected. The club owned the South Fork lake, dam, clubhouse, cottages and some 160 acres of surrounding land. The lake and dam were located at an elevation of 1618 feet (493 metres) above Johnstown on the slopes of the Allegheny Mountain range, a distance of some 15 miles from Johnstown. In 1879, Benjamin Ruff purchased the lake and dam plus other property detailed above and created an exclusive club. A number of significant modifications were made to the dam under Ruff's ownership, most of which were instrumental in its collapse - but you need to read the book to appreciate these. The lake just prior to the dam collapsing was approximately 2 miles in length (3.2 km) and nearly a mile (1.6 km) at its widest point and had a water level of circa 72 feet (22 metres). The dam itself was 931 feet in width (284 metres) made from an earth core with rubble facing. On the 31 May 1889 the dam was holding back some 20 million tons (18,144 metric tonne) of water. Heavy rainfall had swollen the lake such that water was pouring over the top centre section of the dam, gradually eroding the earth until suddenly the dam gave way released the lake water, creating a wall of water travelling at 420,000 cubic feet per second (12,000 cubic metres per second) heading straight for Jamestown. Witnesses said the entire lake emptied in 57 to 65 minutes (estimates vary somewhat), the wall of water some 40 feet (12 metres) in height nearest the ground with the top layer cascading over the lower layer, which was subject to more ground drag resistance, reaching an estimated height of perhaps 100 feet (30.5 metres approximately). The devastation to property, possessions and the loss of life (many of those killed were never found) was catastrophic. But here's the strange part: no one was held accountable. Culpability didn't come into any of the subsequent reports or litigation cases, all of which failed. Why? Well, by the time of the dam collapsed, Benjamin Ruff was dead. The argument being put forward by senior club members was that Ruff was responsible for repairs to the dam and those wealthy members of the club placed their confidence in Ruff's professional experience and knowledge, when in fact, Ruff was not professionally qualified in any shape or form and some of his so-called repairs were nothing short of an amateur bodge, that proved ill-advised and highly dangerous. Had he lived he most likely would have been arrested and charged with manslaughter...who knows? As matters stood, there was no one on whom the local towns people or the state could pin the blame on. There were at least four major reasons why the dam failed, all of which are explained in clear prose in the book. This is a story encompassing stupidity, lack of professional engineering involvement and wealthy club members who put their misguided trust in Benjamin Ruff's knowledge and ability. It is an easy to read account of a disaster on a scale that is hard to imagine and was avoidable if it had been handled by professionals. Notwithstanding this, it is an excellent narrative, well worth reading. As for this reviewer, I'm now starting David McCullough's 'The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris' which also has the hallmarks of an enthralling read, so you may see another review shortly. Stay safe and enjoy your reading.

I enjoyed David McCullough's book. The style is very similar to that of Eric Larson's book Isaac's Storm: The Drowning of Galveston, 8 September 1900 . They both start the evening before as one man (in this case John G. Parke Jr.) notices the weather is somehow different this night than others. There is a premonition of disaster, although in McCullough's book, John Parke seems not to pay much attention. We then catch a glimpse of Johnstown on the eve of the flood and get a brief history of the place, a booming town heading into the twentieth century, not unlike Galveston, Texas, although the latter was much richer. When disaster does strike we've met some of the characters and so our connection and understanding are so much deeper and more human. This disaster is not just history, but it effected real people, whose lives changed forever. In McCullough's case, live interviews with survivors only strengthen this effect. I would say, however, that although I found the book interesting, I felt there was too much technical detail surrounding the dam and the flood itself. I would have liked to read more details of people's lives before, during and after the flood. It would have been nice for McCullough to include more details he had read in newspaper accounts and from talking to the survivors. All in all, though, I think it is an interesting read, and shows us how big money is often not accountable. A lesson we still need today.